文章来源：国际知名AHCI哲学期刊《Synthese》，《Synthese》由斯普林格出版社出版，在2022年Leiter Reports国际哲学综合期刊排名中位列第11名。

Abstract: Discussions of know-how typically focus on task-types. This paper discusses know-how about non-repeatable task-tokens. I define ‘non-particular’ know-how as knowledge of how to complete a task-type and ‘particular’ know-how as knowledge of how to complete a task-token. Particular know-how holds philosophical value by exhibiting interesting features. First, based on an empirical study, I argue that particular know-how makes stronger ability requirements than non-particular know-how. This disparity arises, I propose, because particular know-how is relative to actual rather than normal circumstances. Second, the concept of downstream luck is applicable to particular know-how, not to non-particular know-how. The upshot is a multi-faceted pluralist approach to the essence of know-how.

Keywords: knowledge-how; practical knowledge; particular know-how; specific ability; task-token; downstream luck

文章全文链接：//link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11229-025-05053-z